Transhumance

Subclass of	pastoralism
Intangible cultural heritage status	Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Transhumance yɛ mboayɛn anaadɛ etubrafo bi, mboa a wɔdze hɔn kɔ mbea fofor wɔ awɔw ber na awɔw ber mu edzidzibea ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ntsam. Wɔ mbepɔw do mbea (vertical transhumance) no, ɔkyerɛ dɛ wɔbɛkɔ edzidzibea a ɔkorɔn wɔ awɔw ber mu na bon a ɔba fam ntsam wɔ awɔw ber mu. Mboahwɛfo wɔ fie a ɔtra hɔ daa, mpɛn pii no wɔ nkoko mu. Mpɛn pii no, nguankuw no nkotsee na wotu kwan, na nyimpa dodow bi a wohia na wɔahwɛ hɔn, ber a nyimpa dodow no ara tra ase. Dza ɔnye eyi bɔ abira no, ɔyɛ mberɛw dɛ wim tsebew, sikasɛm, anaa amanyɔsɛm mu nsakrae bɛsɛe horizontal transhumance.^[1]

Asɛmfua na nkyerɛase

Nguan a wɔdze hɔn kɔ sor wɔ karkafo kwan bi do wɔ Massif Central, France (Moving sheep up along a drovers' road in the Massif Central, France)

Transhumance wɔ Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France

Asɛmfua transhumance fi Franse kasa mu na efi Latin nsɛmfua trans "across" na humus "ground" mu. Transhumance nyaa nkɔdo wɔ asasepɔn biara a nyimpa tse do. Ɔwom dɛ nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ amambra na mfirdwuma mu dze, nanso ndzeyɛɛ a ɔhyɛ ase a wɔdze nya edzidzibea a ɔwɔ ekyirkyir a ɔwɔ mber mu no dzi dwuma no tse dɛ dza ɔtse dɛm ara.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Wɔ abakɔsɛm a odzi kan mu

Nna wɔyɛ transhumance wɔ Europa wɔ mber a edzii abakɔsɛm enyim no mu. Isotope nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛɛ wɔ mboa mbiew (bones) ho no kyerɛ dɛ ɔtɔ da bi a na wɔdze mboa tu kɔ mbea fofor wɔ ber biara mu.^[5]: 27 Nanso ɔyɛ adze a ɔkɔ do wɔ wiadze nyinara.

Koko sofo (Hill people) nya aborɔfo nyimdze na ɔbɛyɛ dɛ wɔtraa ase awo ntoatoado pii mbrɛ ahokokwaw a ɔdɔɔso a wonyae na ama wɔatum edzi yie wɔ koko na mbepɔw do mbea do. Hɔn a wɔka kar dodow no ara nyim kuayɛ a wɔdze hwɛ hɔn asetradze, Mboahwɛ na kwaa na nsu a awɔw wom na nsu a ɔkɔ ntsɛmntsɛm sohwɛ. Nsɛm pii esi wɔ wim nsakrae ho ansa na abakɔsɛm reba a ɔkaa amambra a ɔtsetse dɛm,^[6]

Europe

Alps

Main article: Alpine transhumance

Balkanfo (Balkans)

Romania na Vlach a wɔdze hɔn ho hyɛ nyimpa mu wɔ Balkan aman mu (Romanian and Vlach transhumance in Balkans)

Wɔ Balkan aman mu no, Albaniafo, Helafo Sarakatsanifo, Epuei Fam Romancefo (Romaniafo, Aromaniafo, Megleno-Romaniafo na Istro-Romaniafo) na Turkeyfo Yörükfo fi tsetse dze dzii ahohuru ber mu bosoom ahorow wɔ mbepɔw do na wɔsan kɔ asasetaw a ɔba fam do wɔ awɔw ber mu.

Britain

Wales

Wɔ Wales mbea dodow no ara no, na mfuw mu edwumayɛfo na ɔtɔ mber bi a okuafo no dze ahohur ber mu bosoom ahorow no tra ahohur ber mu fie bi a ɔwɔ bepɔw do, anaa hafod (wɔbɔ no [ˈhavɔd]), baabi a na mboa no dzidzi. Wɔ osutɔber ewie no na ekuafo ebusua na edwumayɛfo no pam nguankuw no sian kɔ mbɔnsa (valleys) mu, na wɔtra atrae tsitsir anaa hendref ([ˈhɛndrɛv]).^[7]^[8]

Scotland

Wɔ Scotland mbea pii a koko na mbepɔw wɔ do no, na kuayɛ edwumayɛfo dze awɔw ber mu bosoom ahorow wɔ bothies^[9] anaa shielings mu (àirigh anaa ruighe wɔ Scotland Gaelic kasa mu). Akwan atsitsir a karkafo fa do wɔ Scotland epuei fam no bi nye Cairnamounth, Elsick Mounth na Causey Mounth. Dɛm adzeyɛ yi egyae kɛse, nanso wɔdze dzii dwuma wɔ nkae a ɔtse ase mu (living memory) wɔ Hebrides na Scotland Mbepɔw do. Ndɛ wɔdze lɔɔre (truck) na ɔyɛ transhumance pii, na wɔdze nguankuw (flock) a ɔwɔ mbepɔw do kɔ agistment ase kɔ edzidzibea a ɔba fam wɔ awɔw ber mu.

Afrika

Afrika Etsifi (North Africa)

Nna Berberfo (Berber people) a wɔwɔ Afrika Etsifi fam no yɛ ekuafo fi tsetse, na wɔtse mbepɔw a ɔbɛn Mediterranea mpoano kakra do, anaadɛ wɔtse oasis. Mbom, Tuaregfo (Tuareg) na Zenagafo (Zenaga) a wɔwɔ Sahara kɛsee fam no yɛ etubrafo a wɔdan hɔn nyimpa. Ekuw afofor tse dɛ Chaouisfo yɛɛ transhumance a otsim hɔ (fixed transhumance).

Afrika Abɛn (Horn of Africa)

Wɔ nkuraase no, Somaliafo (Somali) na Afarfo (Afar) a wɔwɔ Afrika Etsifi Epuei nso yɛ etubrafo a wɔdze hɔn kɔ nyimpa fofor mu. Hɔn mboayɛn no gyina yoma (camel) a wɔyɛn hɔn do, na wɔdze nguan na apɔnkye a wɔhwɛ hɔn fofor ka ho.^[10]

Afrika Epuei (East Africa)

Pokotfo no yɛ mboahwɛfo a wɔyɛ etubrafo fa bi a wohu hɔn tsitsir wɔ Kenya etsifi fam atɔe na Amudat mansin mu wɔ Uganda. Apaamu hɔfo yɛ etubrafo transhumance, a mber mu akwantu kɔ do wɔ sare a ɔwɔ Kenya (North Pokot sub-county) na Uganda (Amudat, Nakapiripirit na Moroto mansin) ntam (George Magak Oguna, 2014).

Maasaifo (Maasai) yɛ nyimpa a wɔyɛ etubrafo fa bi a wɔwɔ Kenya na Tanzania etsifi fam tsitsir a wɔwɔ amambra a ɔfa nyimpa a wɔsakra hɔn ho a ɔfa hɔn anantwi ho.

Nigeria

Fulani mboahwɛfo bi ka n’anantwi. (A Fulani herder drives his cattle.)

Fulani yɛ Hausa asɛmfua a ɔkyerɛ nyimpa a wɔyɛ mboahwɛfo a wɔwɔ Nigeria a wɔka Fulbefo (Fulbe) a wotu kɔtra mbea fofor no mu. Fulanifo tsetse Nigeria anantwi dodow no ara, a wɔkyerɛ dɛ 83% yɛ mboahwɛfo, 17% yɛ ekuraase anantwi na 0.3% kurom).^[11]

Hwɛ iyi so

Adanse ahorow (Sources)

Jones, Schuyler. "Transhumance Reconsidered". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 2005.
Costello, Eugene & Svensson, Eva (eds.). Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe Routledge, London, 2018.
Jones, Schuyler. Men of Influence: Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan. Seminar Press, London & New York, 1974.

Mboaedze

↑ Blench, Roger (17 May 2001). 'You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
↑ "transhumance - pastoral society". Encyclopedia Britannica.
↑ Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (2nd Edition), University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, pp 19-23, ISBN 978-0-299-14284-1
↑ Dale F. Eickelman, The Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological Approach, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 11, ISBN 9780130336781
↑ Costello, Eugene; Svensson, Eva (2018). Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-21337-0.
↑ "Transhumance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com.
↑ Gwynn, Eirwen. "On the land – yesterday and today" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2010.
↑ "History of Hafod Elwy Hall". Hafodelwyhall.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
↑ Pennant, T. "Tour in Scotland 1769". dsl.ac.uk. Dictionary of the Scots Language. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2021. Bothay, a dairy-house, where Highland shepherds, or graziers, live during summer with their herds and flocks, and during that season make butter and cheese.
↑ Cattle breeds, milk production, and transhumance in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geotrekking in Ethiopia's tropical mountains, Chapter 28. Cham: SpringerNature. 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_28. S2CID 199323600.
↑ Ducrotoy, Marie Julie; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Bagulo, Husein; Musa, Usman Baba; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel Madu; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Bryssinckx, Ward; Welburn, Susan C. (1 December 2016). "Fulani cattle productivity and management in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, Nigeria". Pastoralism. 6 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s13570-016-0072-y. hdl:20.500.11820/207dc3db-5f84-4b1d-b340-2dcf239f45ea. ISSN 2041-7136. S2CID 9938353.

[1] Blench, Roger (17 May 2001). 'You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

[2] "transhumance - pastoral society". Encyclopedia Britannica.

[3] Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (2nd Edition), University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, pp 19-23, ISBN 978-0-299-14284-1

[4] Dale F. Eickelman, The Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological Approach, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 11, ISBN 9780130336781

[5] Costello, Eugene; Svensson, Eva (2018). Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-21337-0.

[6] "Transhumance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com.

[7] Gwynn, Eirwen. "On the land – yesterday and today" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2010.

[8] "History of Hafod Elwy Hall". Hafodelwyhall.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.

[9] Pennant, T. "Tour in Scotland 1769". dsl.ac.uk. Dictionary of the Scots Language. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2021. Bothay, a dairy-house, where Highland shepherds, or graziers, live during summer with their herds and flocks, and during that season make butter and cheese.

[10] Cattle breeds, milk production, and transhumance in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geotrekking in Ethiopia's tropical mountains, Chapter 28. Cham: SpringerNature. 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_28. S2CID 199323600.

[11] Ducrotoy, Marie Julie; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Bagulo, Husein; Musa, Usman Baba; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel Madu; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Bryssinckx, Ward; Welburn, Susan C. (1 December 2016). "Fulani cattle productivity and management in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, Nigeria". Pastoralism. 6 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s13570-016-0072-y. hdl:20.500.11820/207dc3db-5f84-4b1d-b340-2dcf239f45ea. ISSN 2041-7136. S2CID 9938353.

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