Jam Minarɛtse

minaret, archaeological site
Part of	Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam
Inception	1194
Country	Afghanistan
Located in the administrative territorial entity	Shahrak District
Location	Firozkoh
Coordinate location	34°23′47″N 64°30′57″E
Significant event	list of World Heritage in Danger
Made from material	brick
Heritage designation	part of UNESCO World Heritage Site

Jam Minarɛtse yɛ UNESCO Wiadze Agyapadze Bea a ɔwɔ Afghanistan atɔe fam. Ɔwɔ Shahrak Mantsam no mantsam bi a ɔwɔ akyir na ɔkame ayɛ dɛ wontumi nkɔ hɔ, Ghor Mantsam mu, wɔ Hari Asubɔntsen no nkyɛn. Wɔdze birikisi a hɔnatow koraa na esii minaret a nye sorokɔ yɛ mita 65 (anammɔn 213) anaa mita 62 (anammɔn 203) no bɛyɛ 1190 na agye dzin wɔ birikisi, stucco na tile a wɔdze ahwehwɛ ayɛ a ɔyɛ nwonwa a wɔdze asiesie hɔ, a ɔyɛ dzea wɔdze sesa kufic na naskhi nkyerɛwee akuwakuw, geometric nsusuwii, na nkyekyem ahorow a efi Kur’aan mu. Efi afe 2002 no, minaret no da do ara wɔ Wiadze Agyapadze a Ɔwɔ Esian mu no dzin mu, a ɔwɔ esian kɛse mu dɛ ɔbɛsɛe, na hɔnankora do denneennen. Wɔ afe 2014 mu no, BBC bɔɔ amannye dɛ abantsentsen no wɔ esian a ɔreba dɛ ɔbɛhwe ase.

Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, Islamic Wiadze Nwomasua, Nyansahu na Amandze Ahyehyɛdze (Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - ICESCO) dze Jam Minarɛtse no too Islam wiadze no amandze agyapadze ho. Sɛnea Afghan Amannɔnye Nsɛm Ho Dwumadzibea (MoFA) kyerɛ no, Jam Minarɛtse yɛ Afghanistan amandze agyapadze bea a edzi kan a ICESCO akyerɛw dzin.

Kasa Ahorow Ho Abakɔsɛm Mu Nkɔdo Ho Adesua

Asɛmfua minaret yɛ Arabic [منارة] na Ɔtaa kyerɛ abantsentsen bi a ɔwɔ Nkramofo asɔredan bi nkyɛn a muezzin fi mu frɛ anokwafo ba mpaebɔ mu. Nanso ɔsan nso kyerɛ kaneadua na ɔwɔ ntsease fofor. Ɔha na wɔdze dzi dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɔnyɛ dzen do.

Bea

Ɔbɛyɛ dɛ Jam Minarɛtse no wɔ bea a na Ghurid Ahemman no ahenkurow Firozkoh wɔ. Minarɛtse a ɔyɛ kurukuruwa no gyina nnyinado a ɔyɛ ahinanan do; na ɔwɔ nnua abrannaa 2 na wɔdze kanea ahyɛ do. Dzea wɔdze kyerɛe wɔ ɔkwan a ɔfata do no nye Ghazni Minarɛtse ahorow a Masud III sii no dzi nsɛ kɛse. Wosusuw dɛ ɔno na ɔkanyan Qutub Minar a ɔwɔ Delhi, India no tẽẽ.

Jam Minarɛtse no yɛ kuw bi a ɛwɔ minarɛtse na abantsentsen bɛyɛ 60 a wosii wɔ afeha a ɔtɔ do 11 na 13 ntsam wɔ Asia finimfin, Iran na Afghanistan no dze, a Kutlug Timur Minarɛtse a ɔwɔ Urgench Dadaw no mu (a hɔnabu no ber tsentsen dɛ eyinom mu tsentsen kyɛn biara a ɔda do ara wɔ hɔ ka ho. Wosusuw dɛ wosii minarɛtse ahorow no dɛ Nkramofo nkonyimdzi ho sɛnkyerɛnne, ber a na abantsentsen afoforo yɛ agyiraehyɛdze anaa awɛmfo abantsentsen ara kwa.

Fam tutu a etwa Jam ho ehyia no bi nye ‘ahemfie’ bi amamfõ, abannennen, nkuku fononoo na Yudafo amusiei, na hɔnakyerɛ dɛ ɔyɛ Turquoise Bepɔw kurow a ayera no nkae. Nhwehwɛmu a hɔnayɛ wɔ "adwowtwafo ntokuru" a etwa bea no ho ehyia, satellite mfonin ahorow a ɔyɛ fɛ ne nsɛm a efi Google Maps mu no ama hɔnabu akontaa dɛ Ghūrid ahohuru ber mu ahenkurow a etwa minarɛtse no ho ehyia no kɛse bɛyɛ hekta 19.5.

Wɔdze bea a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tsetsefo ndzɛmba mu a ɔwɔ Jam no sii hɔ yiye dɛ Afghanistan Wiadze Agyapadze bea a edzi kan wɔ afe 2002. Wɔsan nso kyerɛw UNESCO Wiadze Agyapadze a ɔwɔ esian mu no dzin mu, esian tsebea a ɔyɛ hu a na wɔnakora minarɛtse no do, ne nea efii nneɛma a wɔfow wɔ beae no mu bae nti.

Sɛnea fam tutufo kyerɛ no, wohuu Yudafo amusiei bi nso wɔ kilomita 10 fi minarɛtse no ho a asraafo dan bi nkae, ahemfie na nkuku nkuku ka ho.

Abakɔsɛm

See also: History of Afghanistan

Jam minaret

Timurid conqueror Babur advances through Jam and the mountains to Kabul.

Wɔ afeha a ɔtɔ do duɛbien (12th) na duɛbaasa (13th) mu no, Ghuridfo no dzii dzeɛ seisei wɔfrɛ no Afghanistan no do, nanso wɔdzii Iran epuei afa bi, Asia finimfin, India Atsifi fam na Pakistan afa bi nso do.

Arabic nkyerɛwee a ɔkyerɛ ber a minarɛtse no yɛe no mu nna hɔ – ebetumi akenkan 1193/4 anaa 1174/5 ber a hɔn adan no Gregorian nna no. Entsi ebetumi akae nkonyim a Ghurid sultan Ghiyas ud-Din dzii wɔ Ghaznevidfo do wɔ afe 1186 mu wɔ Lahore. Nanso, Ɔbenfo Ralph Pinder-Wilson, Britania Fam tutufo na Britania Asoɛe a ɔhwɛ Afghan Adesua do no Panyin wɔ 1970 mfe no mu no kyerɛw nhwehwɛmu kɛse bi a ɔfa Jam na Ghazni Minarɛtse ho a ɔdaa nye gyidzi edzi dɛ wosii minarɛtse no dze kae nkonyimdzi a Mu'izz ad-Din, Ghiyath ud-Din nuabarima, dzii wɔ Prithviraj Chauhan do. Saa nkonyimdzi yi maa Nkramofo tumi trɛw kɔɔ India asasepɔn no atsifi fam. Pinder-Wilson gye dzii dɛ wosii minarɛtse no wɔ ɔkwan a na wɔfa do yɛ saa ber no do, a na atsetsesɛm bi a ɔfa tsetse Nkramofo nkonyimdzi abantsentsen a ɔbɔ tumi a ɔwɔ tumi a ɔwɔ Nkramofo do no ho dawur no ka ho.

Wɔfa no dɛ na Minarɛtse no bataa Firozkoh Nkramofo Fida Asɔredan no ho, a Ghurid abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Abu ‘Ubayd al-Juzjani ka dɛ nsuyir a ɔbae ntsɛm ara hohoro no, ber bi ansa na Mongolfo rebɛka etwa ho ehyia wɔ afeha a ɔtɔ do 13 mfiase no. Edwuma a wɔyɛe wɔ Jam a Jam Minarɛtse Fam Atutuw Ho Dwumadi yɛe no ehu adanse a ɔkyerɛ dɛ hɔn asisi adziwo kɛse bi wɔ Minarɛtse no nkyɛn, na adanse a ɔkyerɛ dɛ asubɔntsen mu nsu a ɔtɔ gu birikisi a hɔn atow no atsifi.

Ghurid Ahemman no anuonyam so tew wɔ Ghiyath ud-Din wu ekyi wɔ afe 1202 mu, ber a wɔhyɛɛ no ma ɔdze asasesin maa Khwarezm Ahemman no. Juzjani ka dɛ Mongolfo sɛee Firuzkuh wɔ afe 1222 mu.

Na wonnyim Minarɛtse no pii wɔ Afghanistan ekyi kosii dɛ Sir Thomas Holdich bɔɔ ho amannye wɔ 1886 mu ber a na ɔreyɛ edwuma ama Afghan Ɔhye do Bagua (Afghan Boundary Commission) no. Nanso, hɔn amma wiadze nyinara adwen amma kosii 1957 mu dzenam Fransefo fam tutufo André Maricq na Gaston Wiet edwuma do. Akyir yi, Werner Herberg yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu kakraa bi wɔ bea no ho wɔ 1970 mfe no mu, na Ralph Pinder-Wilson wiee nye nhwehwɛmu tsitsir a ɔyɛe wɔ bea no ho wɔ mfe du koro no ara mu, ansa na Soviet ntua a ɔbaa 1979 mu no resan etwa abɔntsen kwan no mu bio.

2022 Asasewosow

Main article: January 2022 Afghanistan earthquake

Wɔ bosoom Sanda 17, 2022 no, asasewosow bi sii Afghanistan atɔe fam, na ekunkum nyimpa 28. Asasewosow no maa birikisi fii abantsentsen no do hwee ase, na mprempren ɔwɔ esian kɛse mu mpo dɛ ebebubu.

Nsɛm a Hɔnakyerɛw Wɔ Do

Nkramofo kuw a ɔwɔ sor kyɛn biara no yɛ Nkramofo gyidzi ho bɔneka, shahada no; "Medzi adanse dɛ onyame biara nni hɔ kyedɛ Allah (osiandɛ) Muhammad yɛ Allah somafo." (The uppermost band consists of the Muslim confession of faith, the shahada; "I bear witness there is no god but Allah (and that) Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.")
Wɔ eyi ase no, wɔdze nkyekyem ebien a ɔwɔ sor a ɔyɛ nkyekyem 13 no wɔ hɔ, surat al-Saff LXI; "Mboa fir Allah ho na momfa nkonyimdzi mmra. Moma asempa (O Muhammad) mma agyedzifo. O mo a moagye adzi. ("Below this, are upper two bands that consists of verse 13, surat al-Saff LXI;"Help from Allah and present victory. Give good tidings (O Muhammad) to believers. O ye who believe.")
Band a ɔwɔ eyi ase no yɛ dzin na abodzin ahorow a ɔwɔ Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad bin Sam (The band below this consists of names and titles of Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad bin Sam)
Dzea ɔwɔ eyi ase no, nnwontofo kuw bi a Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad dzin na n’abodin ahorow a hɔnayɛ no kɛse wɔ turquoise mosaic tiles mu. (Located below this is a band containing an amplified version of Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad's names and titles in turquoise mosaic tiles.)
Hexagon a ɔyɛ tsentsen a naskhi nsensanee ebien wɔ ase, (1)"Ali ibn edwuma no...", (2)hɔnannkyerɛ ase (An oblong hexagon with two lines of naskhi underneath, (1)"The work of 'Ali ibn...", (2)undeciphered)
Nkyerɛwee bi, "Abu'l-Fath", a asɛe kɛse, osiandɛ wɔdze stucco na ɔyɛe ntsi. (An inscription, "Abu'l-Fath", heavily damaged, due to being made of stucco.)
Nnwom a wɔdze ahyɛ mu a ɔyɛ surat Maryam XIX. (Interlaced bands consisting of surat Maryam XIX.)
Kufic nkyerɛwee bi a ɔhwɛ astifi fam, "Wɔ da a afe ahanum aduɔkron"(a ɛne 27 December 1193 kosi 16 December 1194 yɛ pɛ). - (Facing north is a Kufic inscription, "On the date of the year five hundred ninety"(equivalent of 27 December 1193 to 16 December 1194).

Nruhunahuna

Jam Minarɛtse no wɔ esian mu osiane nsu a ɔrewor do, nsu a ɔbɛkɔ mu na nsuyir ntsi, osiandɛ ɔbɛn Hari na Jam Asubɔntsen no ntsi. Ruhunahuna fofor nye asasewosow a ɔtaa ba wɔ ɔmantsam no mu no. Abantsentsen no akɔ fam, na hɔn ayɛ edwuma a ɔbɛma ayɛ dzen wɔ mber ahorow mu.

Wɔ nye nsrahwɛ wɔ afe 2002 mu akyi no, Britania ɔkwantufo na daakye Mmarahyɛ Bagua no munyi Rory Stewart bɔɔ amannye dɛ edwowtwafo na ndzɛmba a wotutu fam a mmara mma ho kwan nso asɛe fam tutu bea a etwa minarɛtse no ho ehyia no.

Wɔ 21 Ayɛwoho 2018 Pajhwok Kaseɛbɔ bɔɔ amannye dɛ Taliban nye mpɔtam hɔ asraafo dzii ako wɔ mbea a wɔhwɛ ndzɛmba do a ɔbɛn Jam Minarɛtse wɔ nnɔnhwere 6 ntɔkwaw mu. Akodzifo no dze ogya too kwae a etwa abakɔsɛm mantsam no ho ehyia no mu, na ɛsɛee nkramofo asɔredan bi.

Ghor Amandze na Nsɛm ho Ɔkwankyerɛfo Fakhruddin Ariapoor daa nye haw edzi wɔ mpɔtsam hɔ a entumi nyinara no ho, na ɔkae dɛ bea a ɔyɛ frɔmfrɔm no afa horow bi asɛe; na ɔwom dɛ minarɛtse no kɔɔ do traa hɔ dze, nanso ɔbɔɔ kɔkɔ dɛ sɛ aban tsitsir no amfa n’adwene ansi bea no ahobammbɔ do yiye a, akofofo no bɛsɛe no.

Adeyɛ a Ɔnye dɛ Wɔbɛkora do, Wɔbɛwɛn anaa wɔbɛbɔ Ho Ban; A de bi a Wodze Besie Tsebea a Ahotɔ Wom anaa nye Nyinara Mu; Ndzɛmba a Wɔkora do.

Fransefo a wɔhwehwɛ ndzɛmba mu no san huu minarɛtse no kɛse wɔ 1958 mu. Efi ber a wohuu no kosii 1970 mfe no mfiase no, na mmɔdzen a wɔbɔ dɛ wɔbɛsan asiesie no denneennen ne nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔyɛe sɛnea ɔbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma ɔporɔw no ayɛ brɛoo. Nanso, ber a Sovietfo tow hyɛɛ Afghanistan do akyi no, hɔnammɔ mmɔdzen biara.

Minaret of Jam melts into rugged landscape

UNESCO abɔ mmɔdzen dɛ wobefi ase ayɛ nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe ahorow. Wɔ afe 2012 mu no UNESCO kyerɛɛ nhyehyeɛ a ɔfa 3D scanning, hydraulic susudua, na support beams na afasuo a wɔbɛhyɛ mu dzen dze ahwɛ Minarɛtse no do, na hɔnatwa abɔntsen dan no ho mfonin dze ama nhwɛdo a wɔdze bɛsan asi daakye. Ɔwom dɛ awiei koraa no Iconem yɛɛ minarɛtse no ho mfonin a wɔdze 3D ayɛ no maa UNESCO dze, nanso amammuisɛm a entumi nyinara no ama hɔnanya sika na hɔnammɔ mmɔdzen biara dɛ wobesiesie. Bio nso, asase a etwa ho ehyia no ama ayɛ dzen dɛ wobenya nkɔdo biara wɔ ɔdan no ho osianɛ esiw kwan a wɔfa do kɔ hɔ no. Nanso, saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi ama hɔnanya nnyinado a emu yɛ dzen a wɔdze besiesie daakye. Ber a afuw mu edwuma da so ara yɛ dzen no, fam tutufo ayɛ satellite mfonin na nsɛm a efi Google Maps mu no mu nhwehwɛmu dze ahu ndzɛmba foforo afa minarɛtse no na bea a etwa ho ehyia no ho.

Wobetumi ayɛ pii na ɔsɛ dɛ wɔyɛ dze boa ma wɔkora Minarɛtse no do. Ɔsɛ dɛ ahobammbɔ yɛ ndzɛmba atsitsir a wɔdze hɔn adwen si do no mu ɛkoro osiandɛ ndzɛmba a wɔfow yɛ adze a ebu do wɔ bea a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tsetsefo ndzɛmba mu no. Saa ara nso na ɔho hia dɛ Afghanistanfoɔ dze hɔn ho hyɛ mu wɔ sɛdeɛ hɔn anyigye na hɔn ho a wɔdze bɛto bea no ho no bɛma hɔnanya sika dze etua daakye mmɔdzenmbɔ a wɔdze bɛkora do no mu.

Nfonyinsie Bea

Minaret of Jam, Decorative inscriptions on the exterior
Minaret of Jam, detail view
Minaret of Jam, part of decorative exterior inscription
Decorated exterior of the Minaret of Jam, August 2005
Minaret of Jam, with design influenced by Karramiyya
Minaret of Jam – interior
Minaret of Jam on the bank of the Hari Rud River
Baked-brick courtyard paving near the Minaret of Jam, August 2005
The Minaret of Jam and Qasr Zarafshan, August 2005
Farmstead on the way to the minaret